Future Projections and Uncertainties of CMIP6 for Hydrological Indicators and Their Discrepancies from CMIP5 over South Korea

Future climate projections and their uncertainties affect many aspects of the world, so reliable assessments are essential for policymakers who need to prepare mitigation measures in context change. In this study, we examined projected future estimated uncertainty South Korea using results from global model (GCM), updated sixth phase coupled intercomparison project (CMIP6); then compared differences outcome between fifth phases CMIP (CMIP5 CMIP6). were as averaged climatological mean (denoted CM¯) four proposed hydrological indicators. Model (UEMI) stochastic (USTO) quantified range ensembles mean, while emission was difference CM¯ values two scenarios. The following key findings our study: (1) an ensemble multiple GCMs is recommended over individual GCMs, models CMIP6 performed better reproducing during control period than CMIP5; (2) increased periods, especially toward end century, increasing temperature (meanTa) by approximately 5 °C, total precipitation (totPr), daily maximum (maxDa) about 20%, these higher those (3) UGCM, USTO, UEMI periods most indices; (4) UGCM (for meanTa, totPr, maxDa) USTO totPr magnitudes CMIP5, CMIPs similar all (5) major source largest had a significant impact on maxDa, summer, became dominant projecting farthest present. These should provide useful information studies that quantify climate-induced impacts.